The American Dream Analysis - 1162 Words

What is your discussion question you prepared for the group? * Some argue that BTWM lacks an adequate representation of black women. Do you think Coates had an obligation to include the experiences of black women in his writing? Why? What is The American Dream? What is the Dream Coates talks about? What is the difference? This should be three paragraphs long. (He goes further into it on page 146) * The American Dream is the ideal that anyone can be successful if they work hard enough. This insinuates that America is the land of equal opportunity where any individual can pursue happiness and prosperity through hard work and dedication. This â€Å"Dream† is found in the Declaration of Independence and is stated as such: â€Å"We hold these†¦show more content†¦The Dreamers are living the Dream, which Coates defines as the fiction of whiteness. Dreamers think that they are white, and therefore believe they are â€Å"beyond the design flaws of humanity.† Coates uses Between the World and Me as a call to action, and he is waiting for the Dreamers to come into consciousness to see what they have done to the world. Although similar in many ways, the American Dream and the Dream Coates talks about have one major difference: the American dream is a sought-after fantasy while the Dream that Coates describes is a real and problematic mental state. Just like any dr eam, the American Dream is fictional and unpredictable. In reality, all men are not created equal, and hard work never guarantees success. Simply put, the American Dream is a fictitious ideal, and those who choose to believe in it are ignorant above all else. On the contrary, the Dream that Coates talks about is a real-life, prevalent issue in White America. Unlike the American Dream, the Dream that Coates refers to is not a fantasy. It is not an ideal, but rather a senseless state of ignorance. The Dreamers are real, and they are unconsciously stuck in the Dream. This Dream is otherwise known as the American Dream, and it is completely fictional. What does Coates tell his son to struggle for? What does he tell him not to struggle for? Provide specific excerpts (at least two) * Coates specifically tells his son to struggle for Black history. He does not want his son toShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream Analysis1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream was developed by James Truslow Adams in 1931, and he stated, â€Å"the American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability and achievement.† This concept is flawed in today’s standards as Adam’s â€Å"better and richer and fuller† life, is more focused on being successful and accepted, rather than being happy. Therefore, Adam’s â€Å"American Dream† needs to be revised to imply that success doesn’tRead MoreAnalysis Of The American Dream1063 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the American Dream? Is it home ownership, gaining fame or wealth, having a great family or is it gaining a peace of mind? Many people have different versions of what the American Dream is, som e people believe the dream is lost, and some people are right in the middle and still believe the American Dream is still alive. â€Å"The American Dream† by Brandon King debates about what the true state is left in the American Dream now. Throughout the essay, King asks if the American Dream is dead, aliveRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis827 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is another controversial element of American life whose validity was well-debated by writers of the era. This was an ideal that many immigrants from the Old World strived to achieve, hoping that their penniless fortunes would quickly change for the better. One author, William Bryant Cullen, emphasized how America is a refuge for â€Å"Earth’s trodden down and opprest† peoples, including the â€Å"hunted head† and the â€Å"starved laborer.† This phrase from the patriotic poem indicates that theRead MoreAmerican Dream Analysis995 Words   |  4 Pagesrealize that eac h character has their own dreams and aspirations for life. These dreams are used to resemble Steinbecks opinions about the American dream. Therefore, Steinbeck proves that the American dream is unrealistic and unable to be achieved; this is proved through the dreams of Lennie, George, and Crooks. Steinbeck believes that the American dream is unrealistic and unable to be achieved. Lennie dreams of tending rabbits on a farm with George. Lennie’s dream is never achieved due to his tragicRead MoreThe American Dream Case Analysis1355 Words   |  6 Pages American Dream Case Analysis At 1981, The George A. Hormel Meatpacking Company cut wages from $10.69 to $8.25 to claim the need to remain competitive. Companies threat workers that they either close one plant and then open it at lower wage places or exit the business directly. Local unions like P-9 firstly request that all the workers should stick to $10.69 an hour in ten or fifteen years that we could call its target point. The company didn’t agree, they asserted new member workers the companyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The American Dream 1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe American dream to me is a secure way of life for the future. Having a steady job, no struggles and financial securities. Living life to the absolute fullest while being successful by doing what you love. So my idea is supported by connecting to Sam Walton and Jay –Z profiles/interviews. The interview says no matter how hard you had it growing up, you can still conquer anything if you work hard enough and put your mind to it. T his is the same as the visual image of the homeless person in theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreAnalysis Of Urban And The American Dream Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesemerged in the mid-twentieth century. There are many influential films that have emerged from this genre such as City of God (2002) and Straight Outta Compton (2015). Urban/hood films generally surround young men, that are typically Black/African-American (but other racial groups can be present as well) who live in the impoverished areas of cities. The characters of these movies are often trying to find a way to better the standards of their lives (and may compromise their moral beliefs to accomplishRead MoreLevitt American Dream Analysis726 Words   |  3 Pages The Levitts have a simple version of the American Dream during the 1950s. Each son had a specific American Dream they were trying to achieve. For Alfred, the American Dream was to be married and to make other people happy. He does this by making the communities have a perfect design with green grass. William Levitts viewpoint on the American Dream is different from Alfred. William wanted to make money and live a life of which he is â€Å"on top of the world.† A quote which shows this states â€Å"In hisRead MoreMarxist Analysis of the American Dream990 Words   |  4 Pagesare relishing in The American Dream While capitalism promotes the belief that this dream is achievable, it is more often than not, a literal dream, and leaves its pursuers poor, and weak. This keeps the working class powerless, and pacified to propagate capitalistic values. Clean cut examples of this are cases in such societies where people do not have the chance to advance but have the chance to succeed. A strange position that seems to contradict a culture thats Dream is to be powerful and

Harley Davidson †Organizational Behavior Free Essays

string(87) " see how problems developed and how they could fix them during the production process\." Harley History Harley Davidson was seen in America as a company that produced motorcycles with â€Å"raw power. † The company was founded by Arthur and Walter Davidson and William Harley in 1903. In 1918, Harley Davidson had become the largest motorcycle producing company in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Harley Davidson – Organizational Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their production totaled 28,000 motorcycles. Production continued to increase with the onset of World War II and the military use of Harley’s motorcycles. The mystique of the product had a tough sense to it with famous actors such as James Dean and Marlin Brando sporting the bikes. After World War II, foreign competitors became interested in the motorcycle market. Japanese competitors entered the market in 1959; Harley Davidson executives did nothing to counter the advance of the competition. Harley Davidson’s share of the industry began dropping while Japanese competitors introduced high quality products. The confidence in Harley’s reputation was causing the firm’s market share to decline steadily. AMF Years Harley Davidson lacked resources to finance new products and designs to expand their production. They were taken over by AMF, a heavy-industrial conglomerate. At this time there was high demand for motorcycles in the U. S. The AMF team thought that they would be able to sell anything they produced, even without taking quality into consideration. After the take over, production was increased drastically at the cost of the quality of the product. AMF began spending large amounts of money on Harley’s manufacturing plants. Production increased from 15,475 units in 1969 to 70,000 units in 1973 due to these new expenditures on capital. To make things worse for Harley, the Japanese firm Honda introduced the â€Å"Goldwing. This was the first introduction of a foreign â€Å"heavy weight† motorcycle that would directly compete with Harley’s market share. With Harley Davidson’s share of the heavyweight market beginning to decrease, the quality of their products also decreased because they were becoming outdated compared to the new advanced Japanese products. Vaughn Beals was brought into the picture by Harley executives to lead the firm. Vaughn Beals Saves the Day Vaughn Beals’ ideals were different than those of AMF its top management. It became clear that AMF did not have the same amount of concern for Harley’s success as Beals, so AMF began looking for a buyer. With Harley Davidson’s profitability down, Beals and some other Harley Davidson managers orchestrated a highly leveraged buyout. This large amount of debt for the buyout forced Harley Davidson’s managers to adopt a new strategy: survival. Vaughn Beals realized that his firm needed to change to become a more competitive force within the motorcycle industry. Change Many things at Harley Davidson were going wrong. The motorcycles were being made at a low level of quality and the focus was too much driven by quantity rather than quality. The organization was formed around the traditional top thinks and everybody acts. It was very apparent that if nothing changed, Harley Davidson’s reputation would be forever tarnished due to low quality products. Forces for Change: Competition (chapter 19) Competition for business is changing. Competitors can come from across the ocean or from across town. For Vaughn Beals, his main force for change was the Japanese competition that was continuing to decrease Harley Davidson’s share of the market. He realized that something had to be done. While visiting the Honda plant, he learned many things that the Japanese did better than Harley Davidson. The differences between Harley Davidson and Honda were striking. For example, only 5 percent of Honda’s motorcycles failed to pass final quality inspection; over 50 percent of Harley’s failed during the same test† (Buller Schuler 2006). Job Design Instead of allowing manufacturers to keep producing the products at a high pace, with little attention to quality, Beals and his top management w anted to change the way the elements in an employees job was organized. Harley Davidson initiated this new job design through the productivity triad. The Productivity Triad After the visit, Beals and his team realized the only way to compete with the very effective management of the Japanese was to improve the quality of their product and the production process that was necessary to produce it. The productivity triad was based on Japanese methods of manufacturing and production. â€Å"This new approach involved (a) employee involvement, (b) use of JIT inventory practices, and (c) statistical operator control (SOC). Organizational Structure (chapter 16) To improve the quality of Harley Davidson’s motorcycles, a complete change of the organizations structure was necessary. Job tasks would be divided, grouped, and coordinated much differently under the productivity triad. To change the structure, Beals and his management introduced many new aspects to the employee’s average day at work. Employee Involvement (chapter 7) Harley Davidson executives realized that using the input of employees would increase their commitment to the much-needed new success of Harley Davidson. They â€Å"reasoned that full participation of employees at all levels was the key to successful improvement of both the product quality and the production process† (Buller Schuler 2006). Job Characteristics Model Harley Davidson uses 3 out of 5 of the characteristics in the model developed by J. Richard Hackman. This model proposes that any job can be described in terms of these core dimensions. Autonomy (chapter 7) Since the line workers were more knowledgeable about what techniques would work and not work in the production process, they were encouraged to make decisions about the production process. This provided a substantial amount of freedom in determining the procedures to be carried out for producing the product. Skill Variety (chapter 7) Instead of just relying on the line workers to construct the product, Beals and his team wanted to make sure that the motorcycles were going to be of a much higher quality than in the past. To avoid catastrophes, such as oil leaking onto a showroom floor, â€Å"top management reasoned that training and empowering employees to measure quality and recommend change was essential for improvement† (Buller Schuler 2006). Using the Statistical Operator Control method, employees could now see how problems developed and how they could fix them during the production process. You read "Harley Davidson – Organizational Behavior" in category "Papers" Task Identity (chapter 7) The same employees that were measuring the products for quality issues were also manufacturing the product. This would allow the employee to really become part of his/her product. It would also allow for a more efficient method of production. Creating a Learning Organization Learning Organization (chapter 19) To have a continuous ability to adapt and change would allow Harley Davidson to keep up with the competition and provide its employees with the knowledge to continue to produce quality products. In the 1990’s, Harley Davidson â€Å"began emphasizing organizational and individual learning at all levels through a program it termed the Leadership Institute† (Buller Schuler 2006). The organization took on a strong belief that anyone could learn more. The traditional top thinks and everyone else acts was merged into thinking and acting in all jobs. Along with all this learning, the firm began to change many core aspects of its operations. New Design Options To help Harley Davidson compete more effectively, top management began to mphasize teamwork at all levels. This would allow for easy information sharing and constant learning throughout the organization. To enhance the effectiveness of teams, Harley Davidson wanted to break down any barriers that would prevent employees from sharing information, developing new ideas, or catching current production problems. To do this, they needed to get away from the traditional roles that employees and managers play. Team Stru cture (chapter 16) Harley Davidson eliminated the positions of senior vice president in marketing and operations. They observed that these jobs did not add any value to the motorcycles. A create demand team, a team that was in charge of producing the products, and a product support team were introduced to help employees. Instead of having to approach one top manager for help and get sent to another department to solve the problem, Harley executives realized these teams would be more efficient. Boundaryless Organization (chapter 16) For all of these new changes to actually work, executives in a sense had to let employees become their own managers. To make the changes the most effective, Harley Davidson eliminated the chain of command, allowed the employees to have limitless spans of control, and replaced departments with empowered teams. Types of Teams Self Managed Work Teams (chapter 10) Harley-Davidson employees were put into work teams and encouraged to participate in the decision making process because they knew better than management what worked and what did not. Because the productivity triad emphasized employee involvement so much, the logical way to form teams would be to allow the members to make most decisions. Types of Training Most of the training that the employees would go through when they sought new knowledge was technical based. They would be taught about any aspect of the firm they felt would benefit production or quality. Technical Training (chapter 18) At Harley-Davidson top management saw that as technology became a larger part of the production process their employees needed to have better training to be able to operate productively. Also, after benchmarking itself against Japanese competitors Harley-Davidson saw that learning about all fields within the organization would benefit everyone. This led to the invention of the â€Å"Leadership Institute†, which encouraged employees to seek out training when they needed it. They wanted to create a program that would allow employees to have the opportunity to do a quality job every time. This included learning more about the theories behind the latest technologies and learning about related fields. Since Harley-Davidson was now using empowered teams to make important decisions throughout the organization, each team member needed to have a good handle on technical aspects involved with their responsibilities. Culture With all of these changes underway, Harley Davidson began to develop its own sense of internal culture that became a system of shared meaning held by the employees. The productivity triad and the Learning Institute both helped pave the way for a unique new culture at Harley Davidson. Organizational Culture (chapter 17) It is not hard to assume that with such drastic changes in an organization’s structure, there could be changes in the culture as well. Since employees were allowed to make a lot more of their own decisions and management was not seen as so much of an authority, gaining knowledge in the organization became more of a choice. An employee must make the decision that he or she wants more training – no one will tap you on the shoulder – but once you are there, we will help you† (Buller Schuler 2006). The executive committee wanted to heavily emphasize that they too had much to learn. This became the norm for employees and managers throughout the f irm. A willingness to learn about all fields within the production of a motorcycle was seen as a very desirable trait within Harley Davidson. This would improve the quality of the product because increased knowledge about different aspects of the motorcycle, which were perhaps previously unknown organization wide, would now be put to use. Core Values (chapter 17) The primary or dominant values that were accepted throughout the Learning Institute included the work itself, the supporting systems, and how the work was done. Employees were encouraged to master all the skills necessary to do a quality job every time. To uphold the idea of constant learning, they were expected to learn more of the theories behind the latest technologies of one’s job. To emphasize the boundaryless aspect, employees were expected to branch out and learn the related fields of work around them. Each employee should also have a high degree of knowledge about how the motorcycle works and how it can be improved. If they have a good handle on how the motorcycle operates and how to fix it, this could drastically improve customer relations. Since employees became empowered to make decisions for the production process, they were also expected to take responsibility for their product. If there was a quality problem in their product, it was up to them to figure out how to solve it. Having an open mind was important too. An employee was expected to always be looking for new things to learn about improving their work. There were no strict guidelines that employees had to stick to when it came to brainstorming ideas. Creativity and experimentation were encouraged. Conflict Functional (chapter 15) Since Harley Davidson’s new culture involved a lot of participation and independent learning, there were a lot of different opinions from different employees. This would be a good amount of conflict that would avoid groupthink and promote creativity. Process (chapter 15) After production quality began to increase, the idea of over seas production had come up. There was a lot of debate about whether or not Harley should produce motorcycles abroad, or just increase domestic production for export. Some of the employees thought that the overseas manufacturing of Harley Davidson motorcycles was inconsistent with â€Å"buying a piece of the American Dream† (Buller Schuler 2006). The international market for Harley Davidson is growing. The firm has subsidiaries across the globe in countries such as: Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The German subsidiary also serves Austria, France, Denmark, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Germany, Japan, Canada, and Australia represent the firm’s largest export markets. It is very apparent that Harley Davidson is known worldwide. Europe holds the world’s largest heavyweight motorcycle market and is â€Å"expected to become the next battleground for heavyweight motorcycles† (Buller Schuler 2006). Rewarding Employees To increase motivation and work performance, Harley Davidson really wanted their employees to understand empowerment. They rewarded them with power and of course pay. Participative Management (chapter 7) At Harley-Davidson top management realized that the employee needed to be utilized as a resource for ideas on how production of motorcycles should work. Harley-Davidson also realized that there were un-needed positions at the corporate level of the company â€Å"We eliminated those jobs because they didn’t add value to our products. The people were auditors. They were checkers† (Buller Schuler 2006). This led to the company eliminating the Senior Vice President in Marketing and Operations position among other positions. These positions did not add value to the product. Instead of having these jobs, employees were put into teams and were encouraged to use their own expertise in the decision making process. Harley-Davidson wanted their employees to become more like managers and to not feel the need to ask someone above them on how to do things. This is a key tool for increasing job satisfaction and motivation. Merit Based Pay (chapter 7) Another new program that Harley-Davidson began was a pay for performance pay system. Harley-Davidson wanted their employees to understand empowerment, so they encouraged their employees to learn as much as they could about the company. This would improve quality, which would allow a general wage increase to take place. Task Groups (chapter 9) When Harley-Davidson created these teams it meant that employees had more power in their own decisions. Many of the teams specialized in one aspect of production, so they had very specific tasks. After the teams were created, these teams would make decisions on production instead of higher ups in the company, â€Å"Before Harley established teams, people would go up to one boss and that boss would go over to another boss and he would go to still another boss. And we wondered why the Japanese beat us on the issue of time† (Buller Schuler 2006). Conclusion Harley Davidson’s market share began to dramatically increase in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. The structural and cultural change that Vaughn Beals and Harley executives imagined truly did save the firm. Harley Davidson motorcycles today are seen as very high quality machines. They have become a symbol of status and lifestyle in today’s society. Observing how much customization a consumer can request for his/her bike reflects the creative aspect of the firm’s internal culture. Harley continues to exemplify individuality through its production process and large amount of die hard followers. Contributions to the project: Jared and Scott wrote the paper; everyone did their part for the power point. References: Buller Schuler. (2006). Managing organizations and people. U. S. : Thomson South Western. Judge, J. A. , Robbins, S. P. (2008). Organizational behavior (13th edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. How to cite Harley Davidson – Organizational Behavior, Papers

Treatment of diabetes Essay Example For Students

Treatment of diabetes Essay Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin. Nearly six percent of the United States population shows some degree of abnormality in glucose metabolism indicative of diabetes or a tendency toward the condition. Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases in which the regulatory activity of insulin is defective. There are two major clinical classes of the disease. Theres type I, which is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II, which is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). IDDM begins early in life and quickly becomes severe. NIDDM is slow to develop, milder, and often goes unrecognized. IDDM requires insulin therapy and careful, lifelong control of the balance between glucose intake and insulin dose. Characteristic symptoms of diabetes are excessive thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria), leading to intake of large volumes of water. Also, excessive hunger and food consumption (polyphagia). These changes are due to excretion of large amounts of glucose in the urine. The term diabetes mellitus means excessive excretion of sweet urine. Suspected genes that cause IDDM are localized on many chromosomes, showing that type I diabetes is a multigene autoimmune response. Some investigators believe the immune system is confused. They think that the pancreatic beta cells could be recognized as an alien entity because of previous exposure to a foreign substance that had similar proteins to the beta cells. Its believed that T cells target and enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) present in the beta cells. GAD coverts the amino acid glutamate into aminobutyric acid (GABA), a messenger between neurons. GAD is located in the brain hidden from the immune system. Investigators are hinting that the immune system may not recognize it as a self-protein. GAD resembles the (p69) protein that beta cells show when they are infected by viruses. GAD plays an important, but it isnt the entire answer. A group of mice disposed to develop diabetes were injected with GAD before the autoimmune response on the pancreas began and all the mice injected with GAD escaped development of diabetes. The affects of IDDM make the patients diseases more burdensome to control. They usually have vascular and neural problems. Vascular problems that affect IDDM patients are strokes, renal shutdown, gangrene, heart attacks, and blindness that could happen because of the high fat content in the blood and high blood cholesterol levels. Neurological problems that arise from IDDM are loss of sensation, impotence and damaged bladder functions. In women, their breasts are lumpy and experience early menopause. NIDDM occurs mostly after the age of forty. Its a heterogeneous, progressive disorder characterized by pathogenic defects in insulin secretion and action. Around a quarter to one-third of Americans possess a gene that sways them too the disease. For example, if one identical twin has NIDDM, the chance of the other twin having the disease would be a one hundred percent. In NIDDM, the patients insulin receptors dont work anymore, but they are still able to produce insulin. Investigators believe a membrane protein is responsible. They think its PC-1 because in NIDDM patients, its levels are higher compared to an average person. Now we may be wondering why NIDDM patients need to diet and exercise, well nearly ninety percent of them are obese. This happens because the adipose cells over produce a hormone like chemical tumor necrosis factor-alpha. What this does is suppress the synthesis of a protein glut4, which enables glucose to go through membranes. If glut4 is not present, the cells cant take up the glucose. In todays market, there are a lot of prescriptions that are available to counter act the deficiencys of IDDM and NIDDM patients. Such drugs are Actos, Starlix, Glucophage, and Avandia, which increase insulin reception for NIDDM, and Glipizide, Glyburide, Tolinase, and Tolbutmide, which increase insulin production for IDDM patients. For people who have IDDM, they have to inject themselves with insulin four times a day to reduce vascular and renal complications. .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .postImageUrl , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:hover , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:visited , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:active { border:0!important; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:active , .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u22c49264523f66df24286c82a0ee336b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: history of the Atomic Bomb Essay NIDDM patients will also eventually have to inject themselves. A person can keep track of their glucose levels by using a glucose monitoring machine, which diabetics are not to fond of doing. Poking themselves with a lancet four times a day on their .

The Role of Capitalism and the Life of Workers XX Century

Historians and sociologists characterize the second part of the nineteenth century according to significant changes in the social and economic life of workers in the USA. The end of the Civil War affected the lives of millions of African Americans who received the new social status. The development of the Industrial Revolution also influenced the lives of white workers significantly.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Role of Capitalism and the Life of Workers: XX Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, the capitalistic ideals with references to the remnants of the slavery system affected the life at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. In his work Slavery by Another Name, Douglas Blackmon states that the situations of leasing convicts for business and labor in the Southern states is the direct heritage of the slavery system which was not ende d immediately after the Civil War. Melvyn Dubofsky in his work Industrialism and the American Worker discusses the real effects of capitalism and industrialism on workers in the USA operating the convincing data. However, Thomas DiLorenzo’s article â€Å"How Capitalism Enriched the Working Class† supports the idea that capitalism was beneficial for the American workers, and its positive effects can be observed today. Although DiLorenzo is inclined to focus on positive impacts of capitalism and Blackmon provides the realistic evidence to support his claim, Dubofsky’s argument on the role of industrialism in the life of the American worker is more convincing because the author discusses the problem from several perspectives basing on credible data. The principles of capitalism shaped not only the aspects of the people’s economic life but also their social development. In his work, DiLorenzo states that capitalism improved the working and living conditions o f employees in the USA significantly. The author pays attention to the fact that all discussions on the workers’ exploitation by capitalists are only myths (DiLorenzo 93-94). From this perspective, DiLorenzo develops his argument to debunk all the myths and opinions about the terrible conditions of the American workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. DiLorenzo claims that the workers’ living conditions improved with the development of capitalism and usage of technological innovations. According to the author, machinery and aspects of industrialism contributed to the progress of mass production (DiLorenzo 95-96). Thus, the workers’ productivity increased, and many goods became cheaper and more available for workers.Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the growth in production influenced the increase of wages. The rise of work ers’ wages was rather steadily during a long period of time, till the start of World War I. Capitalists began to invest into machinery as the real source for intensifying the mass production. As a result, the workweek became shorter, but workers’ productivity increased significantly. Moreover, child labor was not important and actively used anymore because the great amounts of work were made by machines (DiLorenzo). All the mentioned factors influenced the people’s everyday social life because the standard of living also increased. Nevertheless, in his work, DiLorenzo focuses only on those factors which can be discussed as appropriate to support his positive vision of capitalism’s consequences for the lives of workers and low classes of Americans. In spite of the fact the author operates the statistics proposed by Cox and Alm as the evidence to support the claim in his work, a lot of arguments provided by DiLorenzo seem to be rather unconvincing. The prob lem is in interpretation of capitalism’s effects on workers. DiLorenzo is inclined to examine the impacts of capitalism in their progress, concentrating on the role of capitalism for the current working and living conditions of workers (DiLorenzo). However, the comparison of the employees’ working and living conditions typical for the first and second parts of the twentieth century cannot be discussed as the appropriate evidence to conclude about the real situation during the era of the Industrial Revolution. On the one hand, DiLorenzo’s discussion helps understand the process of how capitalism contributed to improving the quality of the workers’ life today. On the other hand, the author is not persuasive in his statement that the workers received better-paying jobs and were fully employed in the early part of the twentieth century because of capitalism’s advantages. Slavery and violence or abusive behaviors against African Americans did not end wi th the Civil War. Blackmon develops the discussion of the real situation in the Southern states after the Civil War, focusing on the aspects of the black labor. According to the author, many African Americans were imprisoned after the Civil War because of impossibility to start the new fair life without any properties (Blackmon).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Role of Capitalism and the Life of Workers: XX Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, businessmen began to use a lot of black prisoners at plants and factories as the cheap workforce in order to decrease the production costs. Blackmon states that the period can be discussed as the new stage in the history of slavery in the USA. The black convicts were sold in a lot of states such Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, and the other ones. Capitalists forced them to work, and many African Americans experienced â€Å"animalistic treatmentâ €  (Blackmon 52). Blackmon uses a lot of statistical and historical data to support his argument and accentuate the significant aspect of segregation within the American society after the Civil War. Despite the fact that Blackmon provides the credible evidence to support his ideas and discusses the problem of the black labor in the Southern states in detail, the author’s argument focuses only on one factor of the capitalistic development in the USA. Thus, capitalists used black prisoners as free or cheap workers who actually were treated as slaves. The fact that ‘slavery’ at plants, plantations, and factories of the Southern states developed till the 1950s allows speaking about the negative consequences of capitalism for the employees’ quality of life and working conditions. The working environment was rather unsafe, and workers did not receive the adequate wage for their work. However, Blackmon does not connect the mentioned issues of capitalism with t he effects of industrialization (Blackmon). That is why, the impact of capitalism on workers’ life should be discussed from the larger perspective. During the early years of the twentieth century capitalism and industrialization affected all the aspects of the American workers’ lives. In his work, Dubofsky pays attention to the positive tendencies in the economic development of the country as well as to the negative effects of the processes on workers’ everyday life. Dubofsky states that the situation in the USA and the progress of capitalism was more beneficial for workers comparing with the situation in Europe. Thus, the USA was the real ‘land of plenty’ for many workers (Dubofsky 18-19).Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The country of great opportunities provided many chances for workers to improve their quality of life. Thus, Dubofsky focuses on the statistics on the workers’ wages which increased steadily along with the improvement of living standards (Dubofsky). The author refers to the charts and graphs with the data on the increase of annual earnings and productivity. Dubofsky states that industrialization contributed to making the workweek shorter and to providing workers with more leisure time. In reality, a lot of changes worked only on paper, and workers remained to have only few rights (Dubofsky). The discussion of Dubofsky can be considered as convincing and credible because the author examines the role of capitalism and industrialization in workers’ life from many perspectives. Thus, the rates of wages increased, the workweek became shorter, and machinery improved the aspects of production. However, workers’ annual earnings could not guarantee the improvement of the quality of life, poverty of workers was closely associated with the high rates of unemployment because of industrialization, and the working environments remained to be unsafe with references to usage of new machines (Dubofsky 24-25). Thus, capitalists invested in industrialization and machinery instead of improving the working and living conditions of employees. From this point, Dubofsky’s argument is convincing because the author pays attention to both positive and negative aspects of capitalism and the process of industrialization for the American workers. Industrialization helped intensify the processes of production and make many goods cheaper along with increasing workers’ wages. Nevertheless, the living and workings conditions of employees were not satisfactory. Many people suffered from unemployment as a result of machinery and from exploitation as a result of using the old working patterns. Capitalism changed both the economic and social life in the USA. Work s Cited Blackmon, Douglas. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II. USA: Doubleday, 2008. Print. DiLorenzo, Thomas. How Capitalism Saved America: The Untold History of Our Country, from Pilgrims to the Present. USA: Crown Forum, 2004. Print. Dubofsky, Melvyn. Industrialism and the American Worker, 1865-1920. USA: Harlan Davidson, 1996. Print. This critical writing on The Role of Capitalism and the Life of Workers: XX Century was written and submitted by user Kallie Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dealing With Tree Root Damage of Sewer and Water Line

Dealing With Tree Root Damage of Sewer and Water Line Conventional wisdom says that the roots of certain tree species may be more harmful to water and sewage lines than others, especially if planted too close to these utilities. That wisdom weighs out as far as it goes, but all trees have some ability to invade water and sewer lines. Root Egress Tree roots invade mostly through damaged lines installed in the top 24 inches of soil. Sound lines and sewers have very little trouble with root damage, and then only at weak points where water seeps out. Aggression toward water service in many fast-growing, large trees is spawned by the discovery of a water source coming from that service. As is the case with any living thing, a tree will do what it must to survive. Roots dont actually crush septic tanks and lines, entering instead through weak and seeping spots on tanks and lines. Its important to closely watch these aggressive trees when they grow  near your sewage service, or avoid planting them altogether: Fraxinus (ash)Liquidambar (sweetgum)Populus (poplar and cottonwood)Quercus (oak, usually lowland varieties)Robinia (locust)Salix (willow)Tilia (basswood)Liriodendron (tulip treePlatanus (sycamore)Many Acer species (red, sugar, Norway and silver maples, and boxelder) Managing Trees Around Sewers and Pipes For managed landscapes near sewer lines, replace water-seeking trees every eight to 10 years before they grow too big. This limits the distance roots grow outside the planting area and the time they have to grow into and around sewer lines as well as foundations, sidewalks, and other infrastructure. Older trees can embed pipes and sewers by growing roots around the pipes. If these trees experience a structural root failure and topple, these field lines can be destroyed, so it is important to keep a close eye on these as well. To help prevent tree root damage that will eventually interfere with sewer lines: Plant small, slow-growing trees near sewer lines.Plan to replace trees every eight to 10 years if you desire faster-growing species.Periodically monitor and replace even slow-growing trees.Thoroughly evaluate landscaping plans for potential root intrusion when improving or building new sewer lines.Consider Amur maple, Japanese maple, dogwood, redbud, and fringetree, common trees recommended for planting near water lines. Options exist if you already have tree root damage to your lines. Products containing slow-release chemicals to stymie further root growth are helpful. Other root barriers include: Densely-compacted layers of soilChemical layers such as sulfur, sodium, zinc, borate, salt or herbicidesAir gaps using large stonesSolid barriers such as plastic, metal, or wood. Each of these barriers can be effective in the short term, but long-term results are difficult to guarantee and can significantly harm the tree. Seek professional advice when using these options.

Nancy Astor, First Woman Seated in the House of Commons

Nancy Astor, First Woman Seated in the House of Commons Nancy Astor (May 19, 1879–May 2, 1964) was the first woman to take a seat in the British House of Commons. A society hostess, she was known for her sharp wit and social commentary. Fast Facts: Nancy Astor Known For: Social critic and first woman seated in the British House of CommonsAlso Known As: Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess AstorBorn: May 19, 1879 in Danville, VirginiaParents: Chiswell Dabney Langhorne, Nancy Witcher KeeneDied: May 2, 1964 in Lincolnshire, EnglandPublished Work: My Two Countries, her autobiographyHonor: Freedom of the City of PlymouthSpouse(s): Robert Gould Shaw II (m. 1897–1903), Waldorf Astor (m. 1906–1952)Notable Quote: Women have got to make the world safe for men since men have made it so darned unsafe for women.Notable Exchange: Nancy Astor: Sir, if you were my husband, Id poison your tea. Winston Churchill: Madame, if you were my wife, Id drink it! Early Years Astor was born in Virginia  on May 19, 1879, as Nancy Witcher Langhorne. She was the  eighth of 11 children, three of whom died in infancy before she was born. One of her sisters, Irene, married the artist Charles Dana Gibson, who immortalized his wife as the Gibson girl. Joyce Grenfell was a cousin. Astors father Chisell Dabney Langhorne was a Confederate officer. After the war, he became a tobacco auctioneer. During her early childhood, the family was poor and struggling. As she became an adolescent, her fathers success brought the family wealth. Her father is said to have created the fast-talking style of auctioneering. Her father refused to send her to college, a fact that Astor resented. He sent Nancy and Irene to a finishing school in New York City. First Marriage In October 1897, Astor married society Bostonian Robert Gould Shaw. He was a first cousin of the Civil War Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who had commanded African-American troops for the Union Army in the Civil War. They had one son before they separated in 1902, divorcing in 1903. Astor first returned to Virginia to manage her fathers household, as her mother had died during her Astors short marriage. Waldorf Astor Astor then went to England. On a ship, she met Waldorf Astor, whose American millionaire father had become a British lord. They shared a birthday and birth year and seemed to be very well matched. They married in London on April 19, 1906, and Nancy Astor moved with Waldorf to a family home in Cliveden, where she proved an adept and popular society hostess. They also bought a home in London. In the course of their marriage, they had four sons and one daughter. In 1914, the couple converted to Christian Science. She was strongly anti-Catholic and also opposed hiring Jews. Waldorf and Nancy Astor Enter Politics Waldorf and Nancy Astor became involved in reform politics, part of a circle of reformers around Lloyd George. In 1909, Waldorf stood for election to the House of Commons as a conservative from a Plymouth constituency; he lost the election but won on his second try, in 1910. The family moved to Plymouth when he won. Waldorf served in the House of Commons until 1919, when, at his fathers death, he became a Lord and thereby became a member of the House of Lords. The House of Commons Nancy Astor decided to run for the seat that Waldorf vacated, and she was elected in 1919. Constance Markiewicz had been elected to the House of Commons in 1918 but chose not to take her seat. Nancy Astor was thus the first woman to take a seat in Parliament and was the only woman MP until 1921. (Markiewicz believed Astor an inappropriate candidate, too out of touch as a member of the upper class.) Astors campaign slogan was Vote for Lady Astor and your children will weigh more. She worked for temperance, womens rights, and childrens rights. Another slogan she used was, If you want a party hack, dont elect me. In 1923, Astor published My Two Countries, her own story. World War II Astor was an opponent of socialism and, later during the Cold War, an outspoken critic of communism. She was also an anti-fascist. She refused to meet Adolf Hitler despite having the opportunity to do so. Waldorf Astor met with him about the treatment of Christian Scientists and came away convinced that Hitler was mad. Despite their opposition to fascism and the Nazis, the Astors supported economic appeasement of Germany, supporting the lifting of economic sanctions against Hitlers regime. During World War II, Astor was noted for her morale-boosting visits to her constituents, especially during German bombing raids. She just missed being hit once, herself. She also served, unofficially, as hostess to American troops stationed at Plymouth during the buildup to the Normandy invasion. Later Years and Death In 1945, Astor left Parliament, at her husbands urging and not entirely happily. She continued to be a witty and sharp critic of social and political trends when she disapproved, including of both communism and Sen. Joseph McCarthys anti-Communist witch hunts in the U.S. She largely withdrew from public life with the death of Waldorf Astor in 1952. She died on May 2, 1964. Legacy Astors time in Parliament was not one of great achievement or towering influence; she held no government posts and had no legislative achievements to show for her time of service. But the fact that she was the first woman to serve in that legislative body had a large impact. In the 2017 general election in Great Britain, a record 208 women MPs were elected to the House of Commons, a record high of 32 percent. Two female MPs, Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May, even ascended to the position of prime minister. Astor, as the first woman in the British House of Commons, was a trailblazer who first made it acceptable for women to serve. Sources â€Å"Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor.†Ã‚  Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia, New World Encyclopedia.Keen, Richard, and Richard Cracknell. â€Å"Women in Parliament and Government.†Ã‚  Commons Library Briefing - UK Parliament, 20 July 2018,ï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"Astors History.†Ã‚  Virtual Rome.

Portfolio project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Portfolio project - Term Paper Example In 2012, the deficit in global budget narrowed down to approximately $2.7 trillion (a representation of 3.80% of the global GDP-Gross Domestic Product). However, the global economic growth shifted (dropped) to 3.10% in 2012 from 3.70% in 2011 and 5.10% in 2010 fiscal years. The global unemployment rate increased to 9.20% in 2012. Countries that used expansionary monetary and fiscal policies attained significantly increased growth rates, lower rates of unemployment, increased growth in tax revenues, and success in cutting down public debts. Countries that employment contractionary policies failed to achieve what the former countries realized. In 2012, over 85 countries with pro-growth strategy realized median Gross Domestic Product growth rates of 4.90%, compared to 0.80% realized 37 nations with restrictive monetary and fiscal policies. This represented a difference of 4%. Among the listed 85 countries with pro-growth strategy, Canada grew by 1.90%, 2.20% for the United States, 3.0% for Turkey, 3.40% for Russia, 4.0% for Mexico,, 6.0% for the Indonesia, and 7.80% for China. Among 37 countries that restricted their monetary and fiscal policies, Italy grew by -2.30%, -1.40% for Spain, -0.5% Netherlands, -0.20% Belgium, 0.10% France, 0.70% Germany, and 2.30% Brazil. These 37 countries reported unemployment rate s of 11.50%. The global financial crunch of 2008-2009 caused the first recession in international output similar to what was experienced in 1946. Thus, the globe was faced with a new challenge mainly defined by finding out what combination (mix) of monetary and fiscal policies to apply in restoring jobs and growth, while keeping debt and inflation under control. Monetary stimulus and stabilization programs initiated in 2009-2011 to lower revenues in taxes in 2009-2010; required a number of countries to employ large budget debits. New public debts were issued by treasuries – amounting to $7.6 trillion.

(((p))) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

(((p))) - Essay Example In my belief, DAP enables teachers to be free in making decisions about what children require developmentally to make the most out of their educational experiences. Hence, I really feel that DAP offers trained teachers with enough autonomy to teach young children in the best way possible not only to individual development but also to the general curriculum development as well. According to Copple (2006), teachers who utilize DAP to teach young children meet the young learners where they are and not necessarily where learners want to be hence promoting curriculum development. This makes the teachers consider all the curriculum development areas of child in the learning process which are physical, social cognitive and emotional. DAP makes teachers provide young children with learning opportunities that challenge the children and yet the challenges are achievable when working with Zone of Proximal Development (Arce, 2012). In terms of pedagogy, I feel the strength of DAP as a method and practice of teaching makes teachers identify learners as children who have individual differences, stores of experience and different backgrounds. More specifically, I believe that DAP as a method and practice of teaching makes it possible to teach children while making teaching decisions that adapt to experience, age, interest and the abilities of children of a certain age bracket. Hence, DAP makes it possible for teachers to focus on how young ones learn best. This implies that policy makers in the education sector need to be aware of DAP since if they ignore DAP; it will be counterproductive for them because it will be akin to ignoring the way children are wired to develop naturally (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2009). Children will learn the best through following when using DAP as a method and practice of teaching. In my view, when using DAP,

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay The Home Depot is the world’s largest home improvement retailer. The tagline for The Home Depot is â€Å"More savings more doing that’s the power of The Home Depot.† The catchy and recognizable tagline can be heard on nearly every TV and radio station in the United States. The Home Depot realizes that in order to maintain its title as the world’s largest home improvement retailer the company will need more than its catchy tagline. Therefore, The Home Depot has decided to extend the time in which small household appliances are available to its customers. Analysis of Pro Forma Data The Home Depot does not usually sell small house appliances like coffee pots, toasters, mini convection ovens, blenders, and irons through the year. The mentioned small appliances were only sold during the Christmas season. The Home Depot has decided to extend the time frame in which small appliances could be purchased. In 2014, The Home Depot sold the small appliances from the Christmas season until March 2015. The extension of the availability of the small appliances increased sales revenue by %. The increase in revenue prompted The Home Depot to employ the idea for the 2015 Christmas season until March 2016. There was an increase in revenue of % for 2016. The same model was used for the Christmas season of 2016 to March 2017, and again there was an increase in annual sales, %. The Home Depot decided that since sales revenues were increasing each year with the extension of having the small appliance available to its customers that the store would sell the small appliance year round. So in 2017 The Depot made the decision to sell small appliance all year. There was an increase in sales for 2017 of %. There was an increase in sales for 2018 of %. Sales revenue increased % in 2019, which proved to be the most successful year. Conclusion The decision to extend the availability of small household appliances proved to be a very successful plan for The Home Depot. Annual revenue continued to increase each year that the small appliances were sold for a longer time frame to the customers. The decision to sell the small appliances throughout the year proved to be one of the best decisions that The Home Depot could have made. The company continues to run the catchy tagline â€Å"More savings more doing that’s the power of The Home Depot. The company also employed a new catchy tagline after the success of its 2014 plan. Now the new tagline â€Å"Let’s Do This† can also be heard on TV and radio stations through the United States. It is also proudly displayed on the infamous orange work buckets that only The Home Depot sells.

Revenge Does nNot Bring Happiness in The Count of Monte Cristo Essay

It is believed by many that it is human nature to deem themselves to be a tantamount to God. Such is the case when one decides to take revenge against those who wrong him. Though vengeance seems like the perfect way to achieve justice, a sense of equity, in actuality it is merely an unsatisfactory hypocritical action. This is the definitive realization of the protagonist, Edmond Dantà ¨s in Alexandre Dumas’ â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo†. The protagonist comes to understand that after a lifetime of searching for justice, he really only yearns justice from himself. Akin to many of Alexandre Dumas’ other masterpieces, â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo† is a dramatic tale of mystery and intrigue that paints a dazzling, dueling, exuberant vision of the Napoleonic era in France. In this thrilling adventure, Edmond Dantà ¨s is toiling with the endeavor of attaining ultimate revenge, after being punished by his enemies and thrown into a secret dungeon in the Ch ateau d’If. He reluctantly learns that his long intolerable years in captivity, miraculous escape and carefully wrought revenge are all merely vital parts in his journey of awakening to the notion that there is no such thing as happiness or unhappiness, there is merely the comparison between the two. Ultimately, the irony that Dumas is presenting through this novel suggests that the inability to attain happiness through the hypocrisy that is revenge is because one is really avenging their own self. This becomes evident through his dramatic transformations from a naà ¯ve, young sailor, to a cold, cynical mastermind of vengeance, and finally to a remorseful, humble man who is simply content. To be naà ¯ve is something that pertains to childish innocence. The prevailing theme of innocence to exper... ...ate bliss† (Dumas, 531) As soon as Edmond is able to accept and remorse his hypocritical actions, he returns back to his original state, that of a good man who is content with the simple joys of life. In conclusion, a hypocritical action, such as revenge, cannot possibly bring about happiness. This is because hypocrisy essentially refers to being the very thing that one hates. Edmond Dantà ¨s is initially a man who appreciates all his blessings, however small they may be, although, after being the victim of treachery he morphs into a vengeful, bitter man. When a feeling of discontent arises following his vengeance, Dantà ¨s realizes that by revenging others he is really avenging himself. In other words, one cannot repair an immoral action with an equally immoral reaction. Only when accepting this notion can one rejoin humanity and feel content, as Edmond Dantà ¨s does.

Celebrities and Sports Stars being bad role models to children Essay

Celebrities and Sports Stars being bad role models to children In todays world you can’t even look at the news without witnessing one of these celebrities or sports stars making a mockery of them selves. Whether it’s anywhere from drinking and driving, doing drugs, racing sport cars , or doing all three of those things in one instance like singer/songwriter Justin Bieber did last month. The only thing that makes doing all that stuff worse is having millions of adoring fans who will mimic your actions, wear what you wear, even say what you say. Celebrities and sports stars have a tremendous impact on children in today’s world. If you ask a child who his or her role model is there is a higher chance they will say a celebrity or sports stars name over there own parents name. So when a kid sees his role model smoking pot or drinking liquor in his head he will think wow if he is doing that it must be cool so I should try it. How ever most of these troublemaking celebr ities say it’s the parents are the bad influence and that they are to blame for there kids choosing the celebrities to be there role models over there parents. How ever in one particular case it is the celebrity’s parent’s being a bad role model to the celebrity who then is a bad role model to millions of fans. On January 22 a day before Justin Biebers arrest for drag racing under the influence he was allegedly seen partying in a Miami night club with his father the night of the arrest; Also his father was reportedly in one of the SUV’s in the caravan of cars following Justin Biebers car to block off the rode so his son could race. When fans see something like this happening they are more likely to drink and do drugs hop in a car and attempt to race which could potentially cause serious injuries or even death to many innocent people. Parents are saying that Celebrities are rotting there children’s minds by exploiting explicit drug use, .alcohol abuse, and underage sexual behaviors These parents have bring up a good point because still being a teenager myself I see the world around me from a different perspective I see people around me drinking doing drugs and more and have gone even further to ask why they do it and the response I got back from all of them in one way or another was because one of the artists they listen to does it so he or she wanted to try it. But saying that its celebrities faults isn’t always the right thing to say  because most celebrities are actually great role models on children it’s just a select hand full of them who give a bad name to all of the others studies show that teens who idolize a celebrity who doesn’t give in to such pressures and weight and drugs will likely benefit from their obsession (www.everydaylife.globalpost.com). Although there are more good celebrities who can positively affect your child’s life a lot of these children seem to be more interested in the bad ones this is mainly because of media. Media is the main reason why these children copy celebrities. In seconds media can have a story sent all around the world and into the ears an heads of children who read or hear these stories. Media always seems to focus more on the bad things celebrities do like if a celebrity is donating a lot of his time to help research a cure for a HIV and another celebrity gets caught r acing his car the celebrity racing his car will defiantly be the one who is acknowledged for there actions. So in a way it isn’t always the celebrities faults because without a lot of these corrupt media sites to twist the stories and spread the stories into the heads of these kids they may have not even existed. But celebrities shouldn’t be attempting potentially harmful behaviors like that in the first place because there not stupid they know that the moment they get caught doing something illegal it is going to me spread through out the world have more bad consequences than good. Instead they should be using this power of the media they poses to being good things that will give off positive influences to children. This probably wont happen though cause most celebrities actually become more famous and popular for the bad things they do than the good so why would they stop doing something that will make them more popular. On the other side you have the celebrities saying that it is the parents fault that there kids are doing what they are dong. Parents do have control over what there kids can watch listen to and hear but in the end they don’t stop there kids from listening to music or seeing something that will make them behave badly out of pure laziness and before they know it there kid is drinking or doing drugs and there isn’t much the parent can do at this point. One thing that every parent wants to hear is there children tell them that there mom or dad is there role model but if that isn’t the case then the parent should find a good role model for there child. You can influence your child into likening a celebrity by having them listen to that celebrities music or watching  there movies even if that celebrity is acting inappropriately you can explain to your child that it is just a movie and he is actually a good person out side of that role and that if he or she were to do any of that in real life there would be consequences. Parents can also explain to there children that celebrities are given more leeway from police and judges because of the reputation and money. In the past century parents have been giving more freedom to there children if you got caught smoking marijuana or drinking alcohol around forty or fifty years ago you would get a beating of a life time from your parents but due to so many law changes and new laws things are not like they used to be. There is not much a parent can do now to prevent there children from doing something bad except for sitting them down and giving them a stern talk. In the defense of celebrities maybe if parents made there children want to have there parent as a role model then they wouldn’t go off looking for celebrities to be there role models. This isn’t always true it’s not like the medieval times anymore where a parent is a black smith so there child will be one. Now a lot of the time as children grow up they decide they want to go down a different path in there life and not the one there parent went down so they will target a role model who fits there idea of the person they want to become. Parents have to realize that they can’t just put the blame on a celebrity for there child’s mistakes because they are to lazy to prevent there child from following these bad influences instead they should focus on making sure there child becomes a productive and decent human being. Parents are defiantly winning the whole blame game from the point of the media but the real person to blame isn’t the celebrities or the parents. The instigator of this whole debate is all of these media sources exploiting these celebrities like they are animals. The people who work for media constantly following these celebrities taking pictures and looking for everything they do wrong. No one is perfect so you can’t expect a celebrity to behave 100% of the time they didn’t ask for all of these role models. I would never want to live a life full of people constantly following me around taking pictures; That has to be one of the most stressful jobs in the world sure they are going home to there mansions and driving around nice cars but a lot of these celebrities actually suffer from depression because of all this fame they have. Like Justin Bieber he was just a normal thirteen year old boy before Usher discovered him and  changed his life for ever. Anyone that young with that much money and power would surely do the same exact thing he is doing now. Celebrities should be aware that they have so many role models but shouldn’t bear any responsibility to them because it’s impossible to make everyone happy when you h ave that many people on your back twenty four seven. One exception I think is Miley Cyrus she started he career out on the Disney channel with millions upon millions of little girls watching her so now when those girls are all of a sudden seeing her smoke marijuana on stage and dressing in outfits that make her look half naked they are going to mimic her actions. Miley Cyrus was well aware that she was the role model to all these little girls and is using that to her advantage because she knows anything she does her millions of followers will do the same. In the song twenty three which she was featured in she displayed scenes of her smoking marijuana in a school bathroom and doing all other kinds of activities that someone wouldn’t normally do. Miley Cyrus is doing nothing but sending mixed messages into all of these girls’ heads causing them to do things they wouldn’t normally do. This all started happening because she her ratings were down and she wasn’t as popular as she used to be so her managers decided to give her a new look and re invent her and before they knew it she blew up and is now one of the most known celebrities in the entire world and she doesn’t seem to be slowing down anytime soon epically with her newest outbreak of trying to make out with Katy Perry live onstage but she denied the kiss a nd proceeded to tweet about it which started a twitter fight which only gave both of them more fame and followers on all of there social media accounts. It even made breaking headlines over the potential war that could be happening between Russia and Ukraine.So yeah no one is to really blame for all of this because no one wants this to happen except for a select few.

Disadvantages of Single Sex Schools

Around here, one of the common topics of conversation among the parent community is, â€Å"where are you going to send your kids to high school? † We genuinely have no idea. Our options are made much more complex by the fact that all of the six high schools within walking distance of our house (two public, four private) are single sex. When I talk about not wanting to send my boys to a single sex school, most parents are surprised that I would care.My reasoning is almost entirely about socialisation – I know enough people who found it very hard to talk normally to members of the opposite sex once they got out of their segregated environment to know how much the experience can (doesn’t always, of course! ) damage your social life. My mother is a good example – she’s told me often enough how hard she found it to go from a girls school to doing first year science at university – one of 4 women in classes of 150.That’s obviously extreme, b ut I imagine she would have found it easier to cope if she’d be learning alongside boys in her highschool also. Most of the reading I’ve done on the topic (a while ago) suggested that girls should go to single sex schools, so they didn’t get oppressed by boys who would stifle their willingness to speak up and learn in a classroom, and boys should go to co-ed schools so that the girls would calm them down and create a better learning environment.Hard to know where to find those girls willing to sacrifice themselves for the boys, though. But a recent article in New York Magazine suggested that I’m way behind the times. These days, there is a whole industry in explaining just how differently boys and girls learn, and how important it is to provide a learning environment that caters separately to boys and girls. Many of the most exclusive Sydney private schools have bought into this – here’s one example.But the New York Magazine article points o ut, gently but firmly, how methods based on averages fail to take account of the enormous distribution in attributes of both sexes. Even if boys, on average, hear slightly worse than girls (a hypothesis based on one very small study) – the range of hearing levels in boys and girls suggests that if you take an individual boy and girl, you chances are pretty close to even that the boy will have better hearing than the girl.Similarly for a whole set of learning attributes – boys are popularly supposed to learn better using visual spatial clues – but many girls will also. So an educational philosophy that is based on separating out children using gender as a guide to learning styles is likely to misclassify many of them. But the most interesting aspect of the New Yorker article, for me, is that the differences in results, if they even exist, are very small for middle to upper class children like mine.If single sex schools or classes make a difference, they generally only make a difference for children who are struggling. (which makes me sceptical about the effect – most children who are struggling will do better if teachers and a school care enough to try radical options, mostly because the teachers and the school are engaged, not so much because of the radical options). And in most contexts (at least in Australia) those struggling children are least likely to have any radical options available to them – their local state school will be it.

International marketing Essay

International marketing Essay International marketing Essay Abstract What is Developing Country, it will be good to give you an idea in what it is: A country having a standard of living or level of industrial production well below that possible with financial or technical aid; a country that is not yet highly industrialized. It is a poor country that is trying to develop its resources by industrialization. Imports and Exports are two opposite methods of international trading. An Import is described in trade as being ‘a service or goods brought into a country from abroad for sale or trade’. An Export is described as being ‘a service or goods produced in one country that are sent to another for sale or trade’. Kenya is located in Africa, on the East; just below the "horn" that is Somalia. It's bordered by the Indian Ocean on the South East, Tanzania on the South, Uganda on the West, Sudan on the North West, Ethiopia on the North and Somalia on the North East. In Kenya is the second highest mountain in Africa after the Kilimanjaro. The product that I choose to market in Kenya is the cotton, Kenya has the most labor for textile factory, and they import 30,000 containers of clothes annually, so I think will be a good product to market, because that is the most income that Kenya have, beside the labor are not to expenses and that will help their own business man in Kenya. Kenya is sovereign republic. At independence the government was modeled around the U.S Presidency and British Legislature but later, other amendments were introduced to the structure and nature of the government. With the new constitution the Kenya government structure will change fundamentally. Kenya will adopt a fully presidential system of government, with county government, county assemblies, governors and senators. The Executive and the Legislature will be delinked, unlike in the past where Cabinet ministers were drawn from Parliament. In Kenya, the powers of government are traditionally divided into three main organs the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. The separation of powers here makes the judiciary more independent however, the legislature, which makes the laws, contains members of the executive (President and the Cabinet Ministers) who are responsible for carrying out the laws. The Kenya Revenue Authority was established in 1995 by an Act of Parliament, under Cap 469 of the Laws of Kenya. The Authority has the responsibility of assessing, collecting and accounting for the taxes. It collects revenue and administers the revenue Acts for the purpose of facilitating trade. The Authority collects four main taxes: Customs and Excise, Income Tax, Value Added Tax (VAT) and motor vehicle road licenses and driving licenses. It may collect any other tax assigned it by the government. The Authority is headed by a Commissioner General. There is a board of directors headed by a chairman. There are three Revenue Commissioners, the Register of Motor Vehicles and heads of various service departments. The KRA has introduced remarkable efficiency and professionalism in tax administration and operations. In the period of about eight years it has been in existence, its impact is clearly felt in the society. The headquarters, revenue and support departments are all housed at Times Tower building in Nairobi. Taxes collected in Kenya are: 1. Import duty 2. Excise duty 3. Income Tax 4. Value Added Tax (VAT) 5. Registration and transfer fee of motor vehicles and road and driving licenses. Other government revenues collected by the authority on agency basis include: 1. Petroleum Development Fund 2. Import Declaration and Fund (IDF) 3. Foreign Motor Vehicle Inspection Fee 4. Road Maintenance Levy 5. Road Transit Toll Levy 6. Aviation Revenue 7. Revenue Stamps 8. Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) Levy 9. Widows, Children and Parliamentary Pension Fund, Betting Tax 10. Gaming (casino) Tax. Income Tax in Kenya income tax is almost as old as the customs duty in Kenya. Both taxes were International Marketing Essay International Marketing Essay I- INTRODUCTION: This report will help us understand four main different points between the Saudi Arabia and New Zealanders in term of culture. They have the differences between gender, and social position attitude. Each country still have different opinion about working together and do it yourself. Moreover, the upgrading their social position is hard in Saudi Arabia. The final point in the first cultural difference part will mention about the vital element that make them become unique compare with others. There is religion. And the final part of this report, some recommendation about how Australian firms should do advertising effectively in Saudi Arabia will be make. II- CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: Generally, Saudi Arabia and New Zealand can be represented for two big cultural clusters. The former can be seen as Arab culture, and over millions of people in this culture are influenced by religion, especially Islam. The latter represents for the Anglo culture that we often call Western culture in general. Therefore, they have many significant differences in their religion, decision making style, organizational structure, norms as well as special rituals. Thus, using some studies of Hofstede and Trompenaars will help to measure the cultural differences on a global basis. 2.1 Power distance: The power distance shows the degree to which the level of acceptance by a society of the unequal distribution of powering in institution. According to the chart on an Appendix A, the Saudi Arabia (95) is higher than New Zealand (22) considerably in term of Power Distance dimension. It points out that there is a gap in gender as well as the social position in this country. The men have more power for making decision in the family. The women in this culture have â€Å"no voice†, and they must follow the men’s command. In business, the organizational structure is centralized. The leaders are often man, and there is unfair in working between men and women. That is a reason why the business environment in Saudi Arabia is stressful, and the law system is extremely strict. For example, if a Saudi Arabian woman hug, shake hand or greet with the person who do not know. They will be treated by the Islamic laws. However, the men have a right to shakes hands or kiss on each cheer o f their friends as greeting. By contrast, New Zealanders consider as friendly people. They are easy to say â€Å"hello† to strangers and willing to assist someone without being asking. Moreover, they have a free thought in greeting, and gender as well. That culture make New Zealand organizational structure is low hierarchy, and the employees feel free when they give their comment or ideas with their boss. Gender is no matter in working environment. They depend on their achievement, knowledge, or talent to step up to the higher position regardless who they are, and what is their gender. As the impact of culture, the law systems is fair, and the government of the country is follow the democracy. As the evidence, New Zealand has â€Å"the case law† that depends on each situation; the court will have different verdict after deeply investigation. Otherwise, the law system of Saudi Arabia is based on the â€Å"Koran book† and Prophet Muhammad, so the breaking law will lead the offender to be punis hed by the severe rule without considering for individual circumstance. 2.2 Individualism and collectivism: This cultural dimension refers the degree to which a people in a society follow the individualism, or collectivism (Deresky, 2011, p.112). According to the chart in Appendix, the New Zealand has higher score in this dimension. Therefore, New Zealand pay more attention to the self-reliance, and â€Å"can do attitude†. It is one of the most remarkable points in New Zealand culture. In reality, New Zealander try to develop their children by let them free to discover the world around them. So, New Zealander is quite active, and creative in studying, and working as well. As regards the society, an

An Overview of Facts About the U.S. Constitution

An Overview of Facts About the U.S. Constitution The U.S. Constitution was written at the Philadelphia Convention, also known as the Constitutional Convention, and signed on September 17, 1787. It was ratified in 1789. The document established our nations fundamental laws and government structures and ensured basic rights for American citizens.   Preamble The preamble to the Constitution alone is one of the most important pieces of writing in American history. It sets up the basic principles of our democracy, and introduces the concept of federalism. It reads:   We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Quick Facts The nickname for the U.S. Constitution is Bundle of Compromises.The Chief Draftsmen of the U.S. Constitution is  James Madison and Gouverneur Morris.The ratification of the U.S. Constitution happened in 1789 with the agreement of 9 out of 13 states. Eventually, all 13 would ratify the US Constitution. Overall Structure of the U.S. Constitution There are seven articles followed by 27 amendments.  The first 10 amendments are known as the Bill of Rights.The U.S. Constitution is currently considered the shortest governing document of any nation.The U.S. Constitution was organized secretly, behind locked doors that were guarded by sentries. Key Principles Separation of Powers:  An act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.Checks and Balances:  Counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.Federalism:  Federalism is the sharing of power between national and state governments. In America, the states existed first and they had the challenge of creating a national government. Ways to Amend the U.S. Constitution Proposal by convention of states, ratification by state conventions (never used)Proposal by convention of states, ratification by state legislatures (never used)Proposal by Congress, ratification by state conventions (used once)Proposal by Congress, ratification by state legislatures (used all other times) Proposing and Ratifying Amendments To propose an amendment, two-thirds of both houses of Congress vote to propose and amendment. Another way is to have two-thirds  of the state legislatures ask Congress to call a national convention.To ratify an amendment, three-fourths of the state legislatures approve it. The second way is for three-fourths of ratifying conventions in states approve it. Interesting Constitutional Facts Only 12 of the 13 original states actually took part in writing the US Constitution.Rhode Island did not attend the Constitutional Convention, though they eventually were the last state to ratify the document in year 1790.Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania was the oldest delegate at the Constitutional Convention at the age of 81-years-old. Jonathon Dayton of New Jersey was the youngest in attendance at just 26-years-old.Over 11,000 amendments have been introduced in Congress. Only 27 have been ratified.  The Constitution contains several misspellings, including the misspelling of Pennsylvania as Pensylvania.

Discuss how the concept of affect can be integrated into a usability Essay

Discuss how the concept of affect can be integrated into a usability study - Essay Example isciplinary valuable meta-theory involving interactions involving feeling and cognition which has several useful implications for daily life, contemporary media, marketing, political affairs, psychology and sociology. Hence the concept of affect is a comprehensive psycho-somatic condition analogous to a particular goal-directed example of energy utilization. (Sobiesiak, Jones, and Lewis, 2008, 283) Affect can be small or long-term, weak or strong, sensible or insensible. The word usability was initially used nearly ten years ago in place of the expression â€Å"user friendly â€Å"that had obtained an undesirably indistinguishable and prejudiced implication. Usability is the evaluation of the eminence of an individual’s understanding while working with content or services. Following are the 3 different views explaining how usability can be evaluated: This paper describes a real-life example of integration of concept of affect and usability in new media i.e. autonomic system with strong ease-of-use characteristics. This system, the IBM DB2* Universal Database* (UDB) Version 8.1 autonomic computing system, employs a number of usability features combined with autonomic technologies to deliver an administrative interface unlike anything else in the industry. Autonomic computing is all about self-managing systems. It is amongst the best examples of integration of affect and usability in new media. At the core of the autonomic computing initiative is the concept that computers need to be more self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing, and self-protecting in order to reduce the overall complexity of a system. Autonomic computing is described as a "closed loop" system, which includes a "monitor-analyze-plan-and-execute" process in order to make decisions. (Smith, A. 2007, 378) From ease-of-use perspective, autonomic computing offers a leap forward in the following ways: Rarely does an IT component work "out of the box." As part of the installation process, there is

Cold War and the Los Angeles area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cold War and the Los Angeles area - Essay Example International sports sometimes need political support and this factor is exploited too, which was seen in the Cold war. President Carter concluded that such ban on sports would not create any benefit but on the part of athletes’, their career would be affected. This movement was well attuned to international politics, and the governments had access to the power. Joining of Russia in the Olympic movement politicized the games. Particularly, it is stated that to wage propaganda the U.S. government controlling the Olympic Games carried on this campaign against communism during Cold War. (Hill) The Los Angeles games of 1984 will be remembered greatly, as it showed the execution of super political power and it showed a significant impact on the domestic Olympics of the season. The games displayed the shift of powers from the IOC. Due to the Cold War, the strain between the countries allied with the super powers increased. Both the countries (West Germany and East Germany) were asked to participate as one team but the offer was declined by East Germany. (Rider) Such disagreement of countries allied with super powers continued for a long time and the athletes suffered. These games were sharply politicized on the other hand they were commercial as the taxpayers used it and refused to pay funds and exploited the games by all means. (Hill) The city holds an especial place in the heart of all Americans. It is called the hub of entertainment, leisure, culture films and many more. It contributes to the US economy by drawing in income from the sale of cultural products across the globe. For 40 year Los Angeles had advanced strategic-projects including Bomber projects, space projects, missiles and advance electronic communication. But in the late in 1980s Los Angeles faced sudden reverse in the flow of income. Due to the cold

Brave New World Revisited by Aldous Huxley Research Proposal

Brave New World Revisited by Aldous Huxley - Research Proposal Example In its extreme, racist form, eugenics intended to obliterate all human beings considered "unfit," saving only those who matched to a Nordic label. The eugenics theory hailed forced sterilization and isolation laws, in addition to marriage controls. In America, eugenics practitioners eventually forcefully sterilized some 60,000 Americans, barred the marriage of thousands, compulsorily isolated thousands in "colonies," and harassed countless numbers. Before World War II, nearly half of forced sterilizations were done in California, and even after the war, the state contributes for a major percentage of all such surgeries (Black). In the novel Brave New World, Huxley had indicted against modern science and eugenics. In the second chapter of "Brave New World Revisited", however, Huxley seems disappointed by eugenics being discarded, saying, "In the Brave New World of my fantasy, eugenics and dysgenics were practiced systematically. In this second half of the twentieth century we do nothing systematic about our breeding". Does that mean that Huxley now regrets what he said before, that, social eugenics controlling population systematically would have benefited humanity in the long run Would Huxley now prefer biologically better ova, fertilized by biologically better sperm, to produce better species of people aided by the best possible pre-birth care to be lastly decanted Probably to answer such criticism, Huxley soon says, in the haphazard and looseness of the natural order and the biological interference that is aimed at reducing diseases and so on, we not only over-populate our earth but we also confirm that those who do not receive good care and treatments become the greater numbers - people having biologically poorer attributes. This, according to Huxley, means that an almost unknowing repetition of the Bokanovsky Process as depicted in Brave New World where biologically substandard ova, fertilized by biologically poorer sperm, were put through and dealt before birth with alcohol and other protein-destroying toxics, to make ("decant") the creatures finally nearly subhuman. Thus, for Huxley, eugenics is a proposed as a form of pseudoscience that is focused on "improving" the human race. In this paper, I will discuss Huxley's views on eugenics, the origins of the theory as well as the current views on the same. Development of the study of eugenics Eugenics was proposed as a means to selective breeding and genetic engineering in order to make human beings fit to survive in the world of the fittest, or in what is known as social Darwinism. The definition of eugenics is itself a much controversial subject. While some scholars think altering the gene pool is what is eugenics, some argue even attempting to alter some behavioral traits is also eugenics. Modern day reprogenetics, preemptive abortions and designer babies or infanticide in some primitive societies may also termed as eugenics. Eugenics may be positive - by increasing the fertility rate of the stronger genetic qualities - or negative - by lowering the fertility rate of the weaker genetic qualities. Perhaps this was why abortion was illegal for the racially superior women in Nazi Germany. In the modern times, eugenics is practiced by

The mesh generation

The mesh generation Describe general methods (structured, unstructured, hybrid, adaptive, etc.) and discuss their key features and applications A key step of the finite element method for numerical computation is mesh generation. One is given a domain (such as a polygon or polyhedron; more realistic versions of the problem allow curved domain boundaries) and must partition it into simple â€Å"elements† meeting in well-defined ways. There should be few elements, but some portions of the domain may need small elements so that the computation is more accurate there. All elements should be â€Å"well shaped† (which means different things in different situations, but generally involves bounds on the angles or aspect ratio of the elements). One distinguishes â€Å"structured† and â€Å"unstructured† meshes by the way the elements meet; a structured mesh is one in which the elements have the topology of a regular grid. Structured meshes are typically easier to compute with (saving a constant factor in runtime) but may require more elements or worse-shaped elements. Unstructured meshes are often computed using quadtrees, or by Delaunay triangulation of point sets; however there are quite varied approaches for selecting the points to be triangulated The simplest algorithms directly compute nodal placement from some given function. These algorithms are referred to as algebraic algorithms. Many of the algorithms for the generation of structured meshes are descendents of â€Å"numerical grid generation† algorithms, in which a differential equation is solved to determine the nodal placement of the grid. In many cases, the system solved is an elliptic system, so these methods are often referred to as elliptic methods. It is difficult make general statements about unstructured mesh generation algorithms because the most prominent methods are very different in nature. The most popular family of algorithms is those based upon Delaunay triangulation, but other methods, such as quadtree/octree approaches are also used. Delaunay Methods Many of the commonly used unstructured mesh generation techniques are based upon the properties of the Delaunay triangulation and its dual, the Voronoi diagram. Given a set of points in a plane, a Delaunay triangulation of these points is the set of triangles such that no point is inside the circumcircle of a triangle. The triangulation is unique if no three points are on the same line and no four points are on the same circle. A similar definition holds for higher dimensions, with tetrahedral replacing triangles in 3D. Quadtree/Octree Methods Mesh adaptation, often referred to as Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR), refers to the modification of an existing mesh so as to accurately capture flow features. Generally, the goal of these modifications is to improve resolution of flow features without excessive increase in computational effort. We shall discuss in brief on some of the concepts important in mesh adaptation. Mesh adaptation strategies can usually be classified as one of three general types: r-refinement, h-refinement, or p-refinement. Combinations of these are also possible, for example hp-refinement and hr-refinement. We summarise these types of refinement below. r-refinement is the modification of mesh resolution without changing the number of nodes or cells present in a mesh or the connectivity of a mesh. The increase in resolution is made by moving the grid points into regions of activity, which results in a greater clustering of points in those regions. The movement of the nodes can be controlled in various ways. On common technique is to treat the mesh as if it is an elastic solid and solve a system equations (suject to some forcing) that deforms the original mesh. Care must be taken, however, that no problems due to excessive grid skewness arise. h-refinement is the modification of mesh resolution by changing the mesh connectivity. Depending upon the technique used, this may not result in a change in the overall number of grid cells or grid points. The simplest strategy for this type of refinement subdivides cells, while more complex procedures may insert or remove nodes (or cells) to change the overall mesh topology. In the subdivision case, every â€Å"parent cell† is divided into â€Å"child cells†. The choice of which cells are to be divided is addressed below. For every parent cell, a new point is added on each face. For 2-D quadrilaterals, a new point is added at the cell centroid also. On joining these points, we get 4 new â€Å"child cells†. Thus, every quad parent gives rise to four new offsprings. The advantage of such a procedure is that the overall mesh topology remains the same (with the child cells taking the place of the parent cell in the connectivity arrangement). The subdivision process is similar for a triangular parent cell, as shown below. It is easy to see that the subdivision process increases both the number of points and the number of cells A very popular tool in Finite Element Modelling (FEM) rather than in Finite Volume Modelling (FVM), it achieves increased resolution by increasing the order of accuracy of the polynomial in each element (or cell). In AMR, the selction of â€Å"parent cells† to be divided is made on the basis of regions where there is appreciable flow activity. It is well known that in compressible flows, the major features would include Shocks, Boundary Layers and Shear Layers, Vortex flows, Mach Stem , Expansion fans and the like. It can also be seen that each feature has some â€Å"physical signature† that can be numerically exploited. For eg. shocks always involve a density/pressure jump and can be detected by their gradients, whereas boundary layers are always associated with rotationality and hence can be dtected using curl of velocity. In compressible flows, the velocity divergence, which is a measure of compressiblity is also a good choice for shocks and expansions. These sensing paramters which can indicate regions of flow where there are activity are referred to as ERROR INDICATORS and are very popular in AMR for CFD. Just as refinement is possible by ERROR INDICATORS as mentioned above, certain other issues also assume relevance. Error Indicators do detect regions for refinement, they do not actually tell if the resolution is good enough at any given time. In fact the issue is very severe for shocks, the smaller the cell, the higher the gradient and the indicator would keep on picking the region, unless a threshold value is provided. Further, many users make use of conservative values while refining a domain and generally end up in refining more than the essential portion of the grid, though not the complete domain. These refined regions are unneccesary and are in strictest sense, contribute to unneccesary computational effort. It is at this juncture, that reliable and resonable measure of cell error become necessary to do the process of â€Å"coarsening†, which would reduce the above-said unnecessary refinement, with a view towards generatin an â€Å"optimal mesh†. The measures are given by sensors referred to as ERROR ESTIMATORS, literature on which is in abandunce in FEM, though these are very rare in FVM. Control of the refinement and/or coarsening via the error indicators is often undertaken by using either the solution gradient or soultion curvature. Hence the refinement variable coupled with the refinement method and its limits all need to be considered when applying mesh adaptation A hybrid model contains two or more subsurface layers of hexahedral elements. Tetrahedral elements fill the interior. The transition between subsurface hexahedral and interior tetrahedral elements is made using degenerate hexahedral (pyramid) elements. High quality stress results demand high quality elements, i.e., aspect ratios and internal angles as close to 1:1 and 90 °, respectively, as possible. High quality elements are particularly important at the surface. To accommodate features within a component, the quality of elements at the surface of a hexahedral model generally suffers, e.g., they are skewed. Mating components, when node-to-node contact is desired, can also adversely affect the models element quality. Even more difficult is producing a tetrahedral model that contains high quality subsurface elements. In a hybrid model, the hexahedral elements are only affected by the surface mesh, so creating high quality elements is easy. Minimal effort is required to convert CAD data into surface grids using the automated processes of pro-surf. These surface grids are read by pro-am. The surface grid is used to extrude the subsurface hexahedral elements. The thickness of each extruded element is controlled so that high quality elements are generated. The interior is filled automatically with tetrahedral elements. The pyramid elements that make the transition are also generated automatically. A hybrid model will generally contain many more elements than an all-hexahedral model thus increasing analysis run-time. However, the time saved in the model construction phase the more labor intensive phase more than makes up for the increased run-time. Overall project time is reduced considerably. Also, as computing power increases, this â€Å"disadvantage† will eventually disappear. Hexahedral Meshing ANSYS Meshing provides multiple methods to generate a pure hex or hex dominant mesh. Depending on the model complexity, desired mesh quality and type, and how much time a user is able to spend meshing, a user has a scalable solution to generate a quick automatic hex or hex dominant mesh, or a highly controlled hex mesh for optimal solution efficiency and accuracy. Mesh Methods: Automated Sweep meshing Sweepable bodies are automatically detected and meshed with hex mesh when possible Edge increment assignment and side matching/mapping is done automatically Sweep paths found automatically for all regions/bodies in a multibody part Defined inflation is swept through connected swept bodies User can add sizing controls, mapped controls , and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated sweeping Adding/Modifying geometry slices/decomposition to the model also greatly aids in the automation of getting a pure hex mesh. Thin Solid Sweep meshing This mesh method quickly generates a hex mesh for thin solid parts that have multiple faces as source and target. Can be used in conjunction with other mesh methods User can add sizing controls, mapped controls, and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated sweeping MultiZone Sweep meshing This advanced sweeping approach uses automated topology decomposition behind the scenes to attempt to automatically create a pure hex or mostly hex mesh on complicated geometries Decomposed topology is meshed with a mapped mesh or a swept mesh if possible. A user has the option to allow for free mesh in sub-topologies that cant be mapped or swept. Supports multiple source/target selection Defined inflation is swept through connected swept bodies User can add sizing controls, mapped controls and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated meshing Hex-dominant meshing This mesh method uses an unstructured meshing approach to generate a quad dominant surface mesh and then fill it with a hex dominant mesh This approach generally gives nice hex elements on the boundary of a chunky part with a hybrid hex, prism, pyramid, test mesh internally Tetrahedral Meshing The combination of robust and automated surface, inflation and tet meshing using default physics controls to ensure a high-quality mesh suitable for the defined simulation allows for push-button meshing. Local control for sizing, matching, mapping, virtual topology, pinch and other controls provide additional flexibility, if needed. Mesh Methods: Patch conforming mesh method: Bottom-up approach (creates surface mesh, then volume mesh) Multiple triangular surface meshing algorithms are employed behind the scenes to ensure a high quality surface mesh is generated, the first time From that inflation layers can be grown using several techniques The remaining volume is meshed with a Delaunay-Advancing Front approach which combines the speed of a Delaunay approach with the smooth-transitioned mesh of an advancing front approach Throughout this meshing process are advanced size functions that maintain control over the refinement, smoothness and quality of the mesh Patch independent mesh method: Top-down approach (creates volume mesh and extracts surface mesh from boundaries) Many common problems with meshing occur from bad geometry, if the bad geometry is used as the basis to create the surface mesh, the mesh will often be bad (bad quality, connectivity, etc.) The patch independent method uses the geometry only to associate the boundary faces of the mesh to the regions of interest thereby ignoring gaps, overlaps and other issues that give other meshing tools countless problems. Inflation is done as a post step into the volume mesh. Since the volume mesh already exists, collisions and other common problems for inflation are known ahead of time. Note: For volume meshing, a tetrahedral mesh generally provides a more automatic solution with the ability to add mesh controls to improve the accuracy in critical regions. On the contrary, a hexahedral mesh generally provides a more accurate solution, but is more difficult to generate. Shell and Beam Meshing For 2-D planar (axisymmetric), shell and beam models, ANSYS Meshing provides efficient tools for quickly generating a high quality mesh to accurately simplify the physics. Mesh Methods for shell models: Default surface meshing Multiple surface meshing engines are used behind the scenes to provide a robust, automated surface mesh consisting of all quad, quad dominant or all tri surface mesh. User can add sizing controls, and mapped controls to modify and take control over the automated meshing Uniform surface meshing Orthogonal, uniform meshing algorithm that attempts to force an all quad or quad dominant surface mesh that ignores small features to provide optimum control over the edge length Describe key features of ALL existing meshing options in Ansys Mesh module and discuss their applications The meshing tools in ANSYS Workbench were designed to follow some guiding principles: Parametric: Parameters drive system Persistent: Model updates passed through system Highly-automated: Baseline simulation w/limited input Flexible: Able to add additional control w/out complicating the workflow Physics aware: Key off physics to automate modelling and simulation throughout system Adaptive architecture: Open system that can be tied to a customers process CAD neutral, meshing neutral, solver neutral, etc. By integrating best in class meshing technology into a simulation driven workflow, ANSYS Meshing provides a next generation meshing solution.