Philosophy Of Mind Essay Example For Students

Philosophy Of Mind Essay In this paper I plan to show that Searle is correct in claiming that his ChineseRoom Analogy shows that any Turing machine simulation of human understanding ofa linguistic phenomenon fails to possess any real understanding. First I willexplain the Chinese Room Analogy and how it is compared to a Turing machine. Iwill then show that the machine can not literally be said to understand. ATuring machine has a infinite number of internal states, but always begins acomputation in the initial state go. Turing machines can be generalized invarious ways. For example many machines can be connected, or a single machinesmay have more than one reader-printer under command of the control. The machinesare set to accept input and give output based on the type of input given. Whencomparing the Turing machine simulation of understanding to actual humanunderstanding you ca see the story given as input, and the answers to questionsabout the story as output. In the Chinese Room Analogy Searle supposed th at hewas locked in a room with a large batch of Chinese writing referred to asscripts. By using the term script it is meant to saythat this first batch of Chinese writing is the original or principal instrumentor document. Further more in this case he is said not to know any Chinese,either written or spoken. The Chinese writing is described by Searle as meaningless squiggles. Next he is presented with a second batch of Chinesewriting referred to as a story. The term story here is meant todescribe the second batch to be an account of incidents or events that will beused to make a statement regarding the facts pertinent to the incidents orevents that will follow. Accompanied with the second batch of writing is a setof written rules written in English that is meant to be used for correlating thetwo batches called a program. The program given toSearle is meant to used as a printed outline of a particular order to befollowed to correlate the Chinese symbols. The rules, or theprogram, wil l allow Searle to correlate the symbols entirely bytheir shape. Finally a third batch of Chinese symbols is presented along withfurther instructions in English, referred to as questions. Thequestions are implemented as a way to interrogate Searle in such amanner that his competence in the situation will be given. Thesequestions allow the third batch to be correlated with the first twobatches. It is supposed in this analogy that after a while he becomes so good atfollowing the instructions to manipulate the symbols, while giving the correctanswers, that is becomes impossible for a man from outside the direct point ofview to distinguish his answers from that of a native Chinese speaker. TheChinese Room Analogy goes a step further when he is given large batches ofEnglish, called stories, which he of course understands as nativeEnglish speaker. The story in this case is to be used just as it was in theprevious case, to describe the batch as an account of incidents or events thatwill be used to make a statement regarding the facts pertinent to the incidentsor events that will follow. Much like the case with the Chinese writingquestions are asked in English and he is able to answer them, also in English. These answers are indistinguishable from that of other native English speakers,if for no other reason that he is a native speaker himself. The difference hereis that in the Chinese case, Searle is only producing answers based onmanipulation of the symbols of which have no meaning to him, and in the Englishcase answers are given based on understanding. It is supposed that in theChinese case, Searle behaves as nothing more than a computer, performingoperations on formally specified elements. An advocate of the strong AI(Artificial Intelligence) claim that if a question and answer sequence much likethe case with the Chinese symbols, a machine is not only simulating humanability but also that the machine can be said to literally understand a storyand provide answers to questions about them. Searle declares that in regard tothe first claim where machine can literally be said to understand a story andprovide answers, that this is untrue. Obviously in the Chinese Room Analogy eventhough the inputs and outputs are indistinguishable from that of native Chinesespeaker Searle did not understand the input he was given or the output that hegave, even if he was giving the correct output for the situation. A computerwould have no more of a true understanding in this analogy than he did. Inregards to the second claim where a machine and its program explain humanability to understand stories and answer questions about them, Searle alsoclaims this to be false. He maintains that sufficient conditions ofunderstanding are not provided by computer, and therefore its programs havenothing more than he did in the Chinese Room analogy. A Strong AI supporterwould contradict this belief by alleging that when Searle read and understoodthe story in English he is doing the exact same thing as when he manipulates theChinese symbols. In both cases he was given an input and gave the correct outputfor the situation. On the other hand Searle believes that both a Turing machine,as well as the Chin ese Room Analogy are missing something that is essential totrue understanding. When he gave the correct string of symbols in the ChineseRoom analogy, he was working like a Turing machine using instructions with outfull understanding. There is syntax through manipulations, but not semantics. .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 , .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .postImageUrl , .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 , .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482:hover , .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482:visited , .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482:active { border:0!important; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482:active , .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482 .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucacd28289607730608340fb9fee51482:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mrs Dalloway-Time EssaySearle possibly could be over simplifying the case by focusing only on part ofthe Turing machine of set to receive input and give output. Some supporters ofstrong AI argued that Searle could be seen as the writing instructions and tapein the Turing machine just as he was the controller in the Chinese Room analogy. Strong AI supporters contend that the controller and reading head in a Turingmachine, as well as Searle as the controller of the Chinese Room analogy, cannotbe said to understand meaning behind the stories. The problem is that thesepieces cannot understand, but the whole could. This means that the Turingmachine as a whole and the Chinese Room as a whole understood the depth, yetwhat appeared to control them did not. Searle never gave a directdefinition of understanding, yet he did declare that categorizing to give outputwhether correct or or incorrect can have understanding as single, loneinstruments. In the second scenario where Searle was given storiesin English to answer questions, he is obviously able to understand each singlecomponent in the scenario. With the comparison Searle claimed that his ChineseRoom analogy showed that any Turing machine simulation of human understandingwas incomplete. A complete understanding , much like that he possessed in thescenario containing only E nglish, is only as capable of occurring as thepiece in control. Searle is correct in claiming that his ChineseRoom Analogy shows that any Turing machine or computational simulation of humanunderstanding of a linguistic phenomenon fails to possess real understandingthat a human is able to comprehend.

Ryanair Macro Environment Essay Example

Ryanair Macro Environment Essay This report studies one of the largest low cost airlines in Great Britain and Europe – Ryanair. This company is a 20-year-old international air carrier based in Dublin (Ireland), with 36 bases and 950+ low fare routes across 26 countries, connecting 151 destinations. The organisation was founded in 1985 as a conventional airline but re-launched itself in 1990/1991 as a low-cost carrier, replicating American Southwest Airlines business model. From the very beginning its strategy was to offer simple, low-cost fares and excellent customer service, which they can be proud of these days. REFERENCES The purpose of this report is to evaluate the market environment of the company by using PESTLE Analysis, which gives Ryanair the opportunity to identify the main factors affecting the industry. Moreover, it also analyses the impact on the business from the competitors and competitive environment. 2. Macro Environment – PESTLE Analysis 2. 1 Political forces * The increased Trade-Union pressure in Europe; The European Union expansion (the EU may be a big factor affecting the strategy planning for Ryanair, as the number of countries joining EU increases the number of countries for which they will need to supply their services); * Increased terroristic activities have leaded airline industry to tighten security measures. * Since the political situation in most major oil producing countries will stay unstable for the unpredicted future- the oil prices will stay a major problem for airlines. The fuel cost issue is getting worse by unpredictable currency exchange rate instability since aircraft fuel prices are denominate in US dollars. We will write a custom essay sample on Ryanair Macro Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ryanair Macro Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ryanair Macro Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, the weak dollar compared to pound sterling has had a positive impact for Ryanair. 2. 2 Economic forces In this factor business may be affected by: * Recession, which surprisingly is good for Ryanair traffic growth because competitors have traffic falls, and are increasing their prices. As recession forces millions of passengers to focus on price, more and more passengers are attracted to Ryanair’s low cost fares model, and switching their â€Å"brand loyality† to more affordable Ryanair. More customer means profitability, which lets to keep the prices low and continue to grow. Fuel price increases; at the moment, the oil prices are at their highest level for 22 years, which can affect the prices of aircraft fares. However, Ryanair chief executive Michael O’Leary states that they will be still offering all passengers on all routes the lowest prices guarantee and avoid fuel surcharges. 2. 3 Social forces For the social forces, the increasing travelling lif estyles are the factor that may affect the business of Ryanair. In this section the most important are the customers, thus company needs to provide even better: * Customer service The best punctuality ( Ryanair improved it by 88% in the last 12 months); * The fewest cancellations (see appendice 2). * The least lost bags (see appendice 2). * Protection of the passengers * CCTV cameras * metal detectors for passengers * x-ray machines for baggage * Trace detectors, etc. Moreover, there is reliable software in Ryanair website, which let the customer to feel safe when buying the flight tickets, car hire, hotel accommodation, travel insurance and rail services, etc. http://www. ryanair. com/site/about/invest/docs/2008/Annual%20report%202008%20web. df 2. 4 Technological forces * In the past few years ? 23 million has been spent on IT programme to protect airlines against crime, cyber terrorism and vandalism. After 11th September 2001, the newest technologies are required in the airports, which cost loads of money for business and stress for the customers. Additionally, it is one of the reasons for delays, as baggage and passengers must be checked very carefully. However, without technologies such as body scanner, metal detector, x-ray machine, it would not be possible to ensure the sec urity. SSL (Secure Socket Layer) technology is used to protect personal information and credit card details, then booking the tickets online. * Ryanair is investing in the latest aircraft and engine technologies in order to improve their impact on environment. They trying to reduce fuel emissions and noise. * All of Ryanairs older Boeing 737-200 aircraft have now been replaced with brand new Boeing 737-800 Next Generation aircraft. * Technology called Mobile OnAir, provided by Swiss, allows passengers to use mobile access to voice and text communications on all of Ryanair flights. This new technology has been launched in February, 2009. Passengers will be charged to make and receive voice calls and SMS messages via satellite broadband links. The connection between the plane and ground is carried by satellite operator Inmarsat. http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1149921/Ryanair-launches-Europes-flight-mobile-phone-service. html * Ryanair offers self-service payment terminals equipped with chip-and-PIN readers to allow the customers to purchase optional services before they fly. In addition, it is expected to speed up the check-in processes. http://www. computing. co. uk/computing/news/2246111/ryanair-presses-ahead-payment 2. 5 Legal forces The tragedy of September 11th, 2001 marks the day that air travel permanently changed. After this date, the tighten security measure is affecting the business. Government had set up restricted rules for passengers in the airport, which includes: * Hand baggage restrictions; * Travelling with liquids – 100ml rule; * Prohibited items (Scissors, Lighters, Knives, etc. ) All passengers are strictly checked on metal detectors and new security body scanner equipments, which reveal any potential threatening items that passenger, may be carrying. Their bags are screened with x-ray machines, and approximately 50% of them are checked by security dogs. Moreover, some passenger’s rights take the pace in legal sector: * Disabled people are protected from discrimination and can rely on right help to assist their journey through any EU airport; * Passengers may be entitled to compensation (from â‚ ¬ 125 to â‚ ¬ 600) if denied boarding, long delays, or cancellations occurs. They also may be entitled to receive assistance (catering, communications, and an overnight stay if necessary). http://ec. europa. eu/transport/air_portal/passenger_rights/doc/2008_apr_leaflet/apr_leaflet_en. pdf 2. 6 Environmental forces According to White Paper (2003), more must be done to decrease the environmental effects of aviation and to limit the number of people significantly affected by aircraft noise and waste. The world’s 16,000 commercial jet aircraft generate more than 60 million tonnes of carbon dioxide a year. At the moment there is no value-added tax (VAT) for airline industry on jet fuel. Environmental campaigners in the UK are pushing the Government for changes in their policy and tax aircraft fuel. (key note, 2006, p13) However, Ryanair have been trying to be the most environmentally friendly and reduced fuel burn and CO2 emissions by 45% over the past 10 years. (see appendix) This has been achieved as follow: * Fuel emission: * By numerous fuel saving measures (including the use of the latest aircraft and engine technology, e. . , winglets); * Commercial measures aimed at maximising passenger numbers per flight in order to spread the fuel use and CO2 emissions over the greatest number of passengers (efficient seat configuration and high load factors). * Noise: * The function of modern technology (reduce the noise affected area at airports by 6. 5%); * The remote location of the majority of airports Ryanair operates from; * The absence of night operations; * Agreement with all local no ise restrictions. * Waste: Ryanair does not offer free meals, drinks or newspapers to passengers, what should reduce large amounts of waste from food, packaging and newspapers as a result. These days Ryanair is the industry leader in terms of environmental competence and it is regularly working towards further improvements in this field. It thinks that taxing air transport will not have any effect on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. (http://www. ryanair. com/site/EN/about. php? page=Aboutamp;sec=environment) 3. Competitive Environment Ryanair’s growth is driven by the widening gap between the guaranteed lowest fares, and the rising fares of most of their competitors, who have frequently increased fuel surcharges over the last year. 3. 1 The main competitors are: * Aer Lingus Group PIc (AL);They fly about 7 million passengers per year to 50 destinations in Ireland, the UK, the US and Europe. Following the financial crisis related to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, AL applied a â€Å"survival plan†, which included a staff cut of over 2,000 employees, and sales of non-essential assets. The airline also adopted a new lower fare strategy which has resulted in significant increases in revenue and profits. This step increased competitiveness for Ryanair, as low cost fares is its main strategic factor. * British Airways Plc (BA) is a very large, full-service airline based in Hammondsworth, England. Today, BA flies to 154 destinations in 75 countries with a fleet of 300 aircraft. Interestingly, the market cap of BA is slightly less than the market cap of Ryanair, a much smaller airline. British Airways provides high prices, what

Writing an Essay Sample - The Essay Workflow

Writing an Essay Sample - The Essay WorkflowWriting an essay can be a daunting experience for some students who find it difficult to break away from the daily grind. But with the help of an essay sample, these students will have a brief introduction to writing essays and they will get the basic knowledge needed to complete this type of work in a week.The first essential points you must learn include how to write sentences, paragraphs, and facts. You can find useful sample essays online that contains sample questions, tips, and important information about writing an essay. These samples are easy to follow and you can start writing your own essay right away. You will find that each paragraph will add to the knowledge you already have and you will notice that every line and phrase will make your essay more precise.You can easily apply the same approach in order to write an essay. Your objective is to write and evaluate your own essay using examples from your topic. The samples will give you basic information about essay writing and you will definitely learn how to avoid mistakes and come up with a well-structured and coherent essay.The samples will enable you to write well on your topic even if you are not an expert. It is not surprising that these samples are quite popular because students who are good at writing research papers or essays use them to master the skills needed to do the same. If you are new to this kind of writing, you should try to read through a few samples before writing your own essay.The great thing about these sample essays is that they are used by different writers all over the world. Since the writer uses the same method and format as he uses in his writing, students who are self-teachers can easily apply the same strategy in order to write their own essays.If you are writing your essay on a subject that you are familiar with, then you are not limited to writing this type of essay. You can always change the topic of your essay to something new, as you discover something new in your research or your writing. You can also make use of the sample essays that were used in other writers' articles to use them to your advantage.So if you want to learn how to write an essay, use an essay sample. These sample essays are the most practical and effective way to teach writing without any risk.

Kejerrica Chandler Essays - Homeschooling, Education, Free Essays

Kejerrica Chandler Essays - Homeschooling, Education, Free Essays Kejerrica Chandler Mrs. Phillips English 1301 24 October 2016 Homeschooling Homeschooling refers to the concept of educating children at home rather than sending them to a public or private school. Many teenagers dream of being homeschooled, without thinking of the effects of being homeschooled. Being homeschooled does not only affect the student, but it also affects the parent or guardian teaching the child. Homeschooling can be mentally, emotionally, and financially challenging. It requires a lot and may prevent a student from being successful, whereas to being taught at a public school by a professional. One of the biggest disadvantages to home schooling is lack of socialization with other children. Being homeschooled takes away from being in a classroom with peers for five days a week. Kids who are homeschooled will not know how to interact with a group of people. " Team sports, cheerleading and high school prom s are just some of the school activities that home-schooled children might miss out on" ( Blau ). Rather than interacting with other children their age, most of their time is spent with their parents or an adult tutor. " Forming close friendships and socializing with other children is vital for the development of your child's social skills and overall emotional health" ( Blau ). Another disadvantage of being homeschooled is the expenses. Money is a big deal when it comes down to homeschooling. Especially if both of the parents have jobs. One parent would have to quit to be able to teach the child full time, that's why I never was able to be homeschooled because my mom always said it was too expensive. The other aspect of the money issue is the cost of homeschooling supplies. "Boxed curriculum can be very pricey, and even used, you can spend a small fortune on school supplies if you are not careful" (Roberts). When considering homeschooling you have to look at all the tasks you have to take on as a parent. You have to spend 24 hours a day with your child since the whole responsibility of their education is all in your hands. Also when you look at the background of homeschooling you have to remember that one day your child will have to go to college which is a whole new environment from what they already know. They will not understand how to except the fact that teacher can not only focus on them. They will need to know how to communicate which goes back to their social skills. Although many people might say being homeschooled prevents drama, there can still be drama in the child's household. Drama does not only occur in schools. There are more disadvanta ges of being homeschooled than advantages. Students can actually benefit by attending a public school with people who have simil ar goals and knowledge. Blau , Liza . "Social Disadvantages of Homeschooling." Oureverydaylive.com . Demand Media, Inc., 2016. 24 October 2016 Roberts, Kathleen. "Negative Effects of Homeschooling." Lovetoknow.com

Predicate Complements

Predicate Complements Predicate Complements Predicate Complements By Maeve Maddox The term complement comes from the verb to complete. The predicate nominative and predicate adjective complete the meaning of a state-of-being or linking verb. The most common linking verb is to be, with its forms am, is, are, was, were, being, been. Other verbs, like seem and appear, also function in this way. The predicate nominative (abbreviated PN) completes the verb and renames the subject of the verb. The predicate adjective (abbreviated PA) completes the verb and describes the subject. The predicate complement is also called the subject complement because it restates or describes the subject. Predicate Nominative The predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that completes the meaning of a linking verb. Sometimes students confuse direct objects and predicate complements. One way to tell them apart is to reverse the sentence. If the sentence still makes sense after being reversed, the word that answers â€Å"What?† after the verb is a complement. Compare: Baxter is an excellent typist. An excellent typist is Baxter. The reversed sentence still makes sense; â€Å"an excellent typist† is a complement. Baxter typed the report. The report typed Baxter. The reversed sentence is nonsense; â€Å"the report† is a direct object. When the predicate nominative is a pronoun, traditional grammar says it should be in the nominative (subject) case. That’s logical because the complement restates the subject. English idiom and logic, however, are not always on the best of terms. Consider: Is Dr. Singh the man at the dais? Yes, that’s he. Because he is a predicate nominative in this sentence, the subject form he is correct. However, most native speakers would probably say â€Å"Yes, that’s him.† Predicate Adjective The predicate adjective follows a linking verb and describes its subject: You seem sad. (predicate adjective) In certain light, the fish appears transparent. (predicate adjective) Other verbs commonly used to express a state of being are: feel make taste look smell grow remain stay turn sound become prove Note: some of these verbs can also be used as action verbs. If the verb conveys an action, the word that follows is a direct object (DO). If the word that follows the verb describes the subject, it’s a predicate adjective (PA): I feel sad. (PA) I feel the wall. (DO) He made me mad. (PA) I made cookies. (DO) That smells bad. (PA) Wake up and smell the roses. (DO) Every day you grow older. (PA) The farmer grows strawberries. (DO) The angry dictator turned blue. (PA) The ox turned the wheel. (DO) That music sounds discordant. (PA) The bugler sounded the alarm. (DO) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryWriting the Century55 "House" Idioms

Paper #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper #1 - Essay Example I am interested in ‘straight’ sex. For example, â€Å"The Invention of Heterosexuality† interested me. I never realized that sexual identity had to do with the progressing cultures. What is acceptable today would have had you locked up in earlier times. Everyone knows heterosexuality started with Adam and Eve (Katz). I know I am heterosexual. The thought of being with a girl makes me uneasy. However I cannot show too much interest due to my fear of Brooke’s disapproval and my ultra preppy crowd’s opinion. I am interested in Freud’s psychosexual stages. The oral, anal, and genitalia stages made sense. I never thought that everyone is sexual at all ages, but I guess it is true. The sexual theories of Kinsey were boring. I do not need an answer to why my body reacts to Nathan. It just does. The science behind sex is useless. Chemistry just happens is my theory. I was extremely bored during this part of the reading. I walked away with a general understanding of the science behind sex, but Kinsey’s whole concept escaped me. The whole sex thing makes me uneasy. This topic is icky to me. I just wish I could be more comfortable with my sexuality at least as comfortable as my friends Brooke, Nathan, Rafe, Trenton, and our group. Maybe when I have sex with Nathan I will understand what it is all about. Being heterosexual or straight is not a choice for me. I feel attracted to boys. I have always been turned on by images of men. Nathan especially turns me on. Lately when I am around him all I think about is his physical presence. His smooth chest makes me want to touch it. His lips make me want to kiss and explore them. I have chalked all this up to hormones. It seems natural. Heterosexuality is my sexual identity. I have never thought about another girl. Since being with another girl makes me sick, I guess heterosexuality is for me. Gays and lesbians do not fit in with my crowd. No one at Acadia is openly homosexual.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Research Paper Example Worried that she might have an allergic attack, she cleans the house every couple of hours, never seemed to be satisfied that she did it right two hours ago. This action continues throughout the day, leaving little or no room for her other activities that are equally essential (Mayo Clinic Staff). Typically, obsessive compulsive disorder makes a person go through repeated actions that mainly originates from having distressing thoughts. These thoughts make the individual do or perform a certain action that is done over and over again in order to pacify the stress and anxiety that he or she is feeling (NIH: National Institute of Mental Health). The obsessions which come about constantly are often unreasonable, quite disturbing and in fact have no actual basis. The individual who suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder eventually realizes that the obsessive feeling and thoughts he or she is currently having distorts reality; and they feel incapable to control them because they go thr ough the same motions again and again (Mental Health America). Trying to stop or ignore the obsessions only heightens the feelings of apprehension and distress; while doing rituals or compulsions give short-term relief from the stress and discomfort brought about by having obsessions. Unfortunately, having obsessive compulsive disorder upsets a person’s daily living schedules and activities because the obsessions and subsequent compulsions makes it hard to concentrate in doing the normal activities which the person was accustomed to. The rituals or repetitive actions takes hours to do, sometimes the whole day making it quite impossible for the individual with obsessive compulsive disorder little time to do something more productive. If obsessive compulsive disorder is not properly addressed overtime, it can have a negative impact on all the aspects of a person’s life (The Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA)). The theoretical causes of obsessive compulsive d isorder are biology, environment and inadequate seratonin. These causes are considered to be hypothetical since the true or actual cause of obsessive compulsive disorder is not fully known (Mayo Clinic Staff). Biology pertains to the study of plants and animals, which includes the normal chemistry and role of the brain in relation to the other parts of the body. It is contemplated by researchers that obsessive compulsive disorder is an end result of an irregular change in the normal working condition of the brain circuits, which may be due to an inadequate level of serotonin, a chemical messenger within the brain (Mayo Clinic Staff). The insufficient amount of such brain chemical affects the normal communication of brain parts that ultimately gives rise to the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder (Mental Health America). The environment is also said to contribute in the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder because of some behavior-related habits, which were acquired du ring the growing and developmental phase of a particular individual (Mayo Clinic Staff). The habits are generally inculcated from childhood to early teens where various factors that stem out of one’s surroundings are easily assimilated and are considered normal even if they are not within the norm or are socially unacceptable. Obsessive compulsiv